【英语语法】什么是虛拟语气,珠海IBS英语学校编辑和大家分享什么是虛拟语气和虛拟语气的用法,请阅读下文。
什么是虛拟语气?
app必威体育中,人们常常用不同的动词形式来表达自己的不同看法和态度。这种动词的形式就叫做动词的语气。英语动词有陈述语气、祈使语气和虛拟语气。叙述事实或者可能发生的事情时,人们所使用的语气就是陈述语气。如J'm an English teacher.我是名英语教师。
人们用来表示命令、要求、请求、邀请、劝告或建议时所使用的语气就是祈使语气。如:Stand up!站起来。表示所说的话不是事实,而只是一种愿望、猜測、假设、建议,并且这种愿望、建议等实现的可能性很小或根本不能实现时,所使用的语气就是虛拟语气。如:
If I were a bird , I could fly in the sky freely.
要是我是一只鸟,我就能自由自在地在天空飞翔。
1.条件句中的虚拟语气
(1)条件句中虛拟语气的形式 从句中提出一种与客观现实不相符或根本不可能存在的条件,主句会产生的一种不可能获得的结果。条件句中的虛拟语气根据不同的时间有三种不同的形式。
时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语
now did,be用were would/should/might/could + do
past had + done would/should/might/could have + done
future be用were,should+do would/should/ might/ could + do
(2)条件句中的虚拟语气示例
1)将来时的条件句中的虚拟语气。
如:
If he should go to Qing Hua University,he would make full use of his time.
如果他要上清华大学的话,他就会充分利用他的时间了 。
If he were to come here , he would tell us about it.
如果他要来的话,他会通知我们一声。
2)现在时的条件句中的虚拟语气。
如:
If he were free ,he would help us.
要是他有空的话,他会帮助我们的。
If he studied at this school , he would know you well.
如果他在这所学校学习的话,他会对你很熟悉。
3)过去时的条件句中的虚拟语气。如:
If I had seen the film , I would have told you about it,
我如果看过这场电影,我会把电影内容告诉你了 。
If I had got there earlier,I would have met Mr. Li.
如果我早点到那儿,我就会遇到了李先生。
(3)运用条件句中的虛拟语气时,须注意的几个问题
1)错综时间虛拟条件句所谓错综时间虛拟条件句即条件从句与主句所指时间不一致,如从句指过去,而主句指的是现在或将来,此时应根据具体的语境情况,结合上面提到的三种基本类型对事态作相应的调整。如:
If you 'd listened to me ,you wouldn't be in such trouble now.
如果你听了我的话,你现在也不会有这样的麻烦了 。
2)连用虛拟语气的几个固定表过有三个表示"若不是"、"要不是"的表达, 它们总是连用虛拟语气,它们是but for, if it were not for. if it hadn't been for 。如:
But for your help we would have been late. 幸亏你帮忙,要不我们就迟到了。
If it weren't for water ,no plant could grow. 要是没有水植物就无法生长。
If it hadn 't been for your help,we wonldn't have succeeded.
要不是有你帮忙,我们是不会成功的。
3)虛拟语气的省略与倒装 有时可将条件从句的连词if省略,而将从句中的were,should,had等提到句首。
如:
Were it not for your help,I wouldn't be doing so well.
若不是你帮忙,我现在不会干得这样好
Hak I been there,I would have asked her the question.
如果我在那里,我就不会问这个问题。
【注】对于有否定词not的缩写形式,在省去if的倒装句中,not要待在原地不动,只需把助动词提前即可。
如:
条件句:If it weren't for water, no plant could grow. 省去if的倒装句:
【误】 Weren ,t it for water,no plant could grow.
【正】 Were it not for water,no plant could grow.
(4)使用虛拉语气的几类从句
1)wish后宾语从句用虛拟语气要表示与现在事实相反的愿望,从句谓语用would / could + have +过去分词;表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,用would (could) +动词原形。
如:
I wish he were more careful.要是他更仔细点就好了。
I wish I hadn ,t said that.我要是没有说那话就好了。
I wish I could speak your language.但愿我能讲你们国家的话。
2)if only后的句子用虛拟语气 if only与I wish 样,也表示与事实相反的愿望,其后虛拟语气的时态与wish后所接时态的情况相同。
如:
If only I weren ,t so nervous.但愿我不这样紧张。
If only they were here now,we would be able to celebrate their wedding anniversary.
【注】 当if only放在句首时,句子要用虛拟语气,谓语动词用would/could/ might/should + do , were或者did 。如:
If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
钥匙委员会通过这个规定并尽可能早地付诸实施就好了。
3)as if (though)用虛拟语气 以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句,有时用虛拟语气。若表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时;若表示与过去事实相反,用过去完成时;表示将来的可能性不大,用would (might, could) + 动词原形。
如:
I love you as if you were my son.我爱你就像你是我的儿子。
【注】若从句所讲内容可能为事实,也可用陈述语气。如:
It seems as if we shall have to walk.似乎我们得步行了。
4)It's''''''time后的 从句用虛拟语气从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来, 有时也用过去进行时或"should +动词原形"(较少见,且should不能省略),其意为"(早)该干某事了"。
如:
It's time we ordered dinner.现在该钉饭了。
I think it ,s time you made up your mind.我想你谅拿定主意了 。
【注】time前有时有about和high修饰吋仍然不影响句子结构。
5)would rather,would just as soon后的句子用虛拟语气通常用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。如:
I'd rather you didn't do it.我宁愿你別这样做。
I would rather you didn't mention the price.我宁愿意你没提价钱。
I'd just as soon you didn't speak rudely to her.
我宁愿你不要粗鲁地和她讲话。
【注】 wish, would rather后面加句子,句子谓语动词用一般过去时。would just as soon的用法与would rather完全相同。
6)某些用虛拟语气的宾语从句在表示"坚持"、"命令"、"建议"、"要求"等后的宾语从句要用虛拟语气。这类动词归納为"一个坚持(insist)、两个命令(order, command)和两个万一(lest,in case)、三个建议(advise, suggest > propose)、四个要求(demand, require,request,ask)",这类虛水人语气由"should +动词原形" 构成,其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如:
I insisted that he (should) stay.我坚持要他留下。
The doctor advised that he change his job.医生劝他换工作。
【注】动词insist, suggest后接宾语从句时,除可用虛拟语气外,也可用陈述语气。两者的区别是:若从句内容尚未成为事实,则用虛鉍语气;若从句内容已经成为事实,则用陈述语气。比较:He insisted that I had read his letter.他坚持说我看过他的信。He insisted that I should read his letter.他坚持要我看他的信。
7)某些有虛扭语气的主语从句 形容词important , impossible , necessary , essential , better , ordered , proposed , requested , decided , arranged等后的主语从句通常用虛拟语气。如:
It is impossible that he should leave here.他不可能会离开这儿。
It is necessary that he be sent there at once. 有必要马上派他到那里去。
8)It's +序数词+ time后的从句用虛拟语气
It 's the first time that we have had our class here.
这是我们第一次在这上课。
It's the third time that I have been here.
这是我第三次到这儿。
【注】无论It's'''''time that或者It's +序数词+ time that中的is变成was时从句必须过去完成时。如:
It was the third time that i had visited my grandfather that year.
这是我那年第三次看我爷爷。
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